Running a businessStartup costs are what every entrepreneur has to think about before opening a business. (You may need to ask a bank for an loan (préstamo) to meet some of the costs) Ongoing costs: They are fixed costs/expenses that continue. -Rent is the money a business pays to use a building, such as an office, shop or storage unit. -Utilities like water, gas, electricity, Internet and a telephone line have to be paid for. -Insurance is a service that companies pay regularly, so in case somebody has an accident or the building is damaged, it ensures that it will be covered. -Staff's salary: employees must get paid. Variable costs are the ones that vary according to how many sales the business makes. -If the business makes a product, it will need materials to manufacture and package it. -Promotional costs change depending on how much advertising is used. There may be peak seasons (for example, holiday periods) when it’s a good idea to run bigger ad campaigns. -Commissions are sometimes paid to employees for the sales they make, and if they meet sales targets (objectives), they receive a bonus. -There might be shipping costs if products are delivered to customers (for example, from an online shop). Saving moneyCashflow is money coming in and money going out. Money is always in motion. SAVING MONEY -Piggy bank. We can save small coins and break it open when the bank is full. Its quick and easy, but money doesn't earn interest and it can get lost or stolen. -Bank account. Money is safe in the bank and might earn interest (a low one), but many banks charge a fee for having an account with them. If you save your money in a savings account with a bank, it isn’t actually in your account. The bank uses it to make a profit for itself. It gives you a small percentage of that profit as interest, and you can ask for your capital back whenever you want. SPENDING LESS -Taking advantage of special offers and bargains. -Making a personal budget to minimise expenses and maximise savings. Distinguish between fixed expenses (same amount of money every month) and variable expenses (that may vary). How?
Socially responsible companiesThe main objective of every company is to earn money and make a profit. However, nowadays the number of companies that support social programmes is rising (enviromentally friendy, NGOs, charities...). Some examples are Atresmedia, PepsiCo, Danone...
THE ECONOMIC SECTORS IN SPAIN
The primary sector in Spain In 1900 à 60%. Today à 5% •Agriculture: olives (Andalucía), oranges (Valencia) •Farming: Pig farming (Extremadura) •Fishing: sardines, anchovies, squids and octopus •Forestry: cork for bottling wine. The secondary sector in Spain
-transport -trade THE ECONOMIC SECTORS IN EUROPE
"Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it only transforms from one form to another"
Renewable sources of energy (can be replaced, and are less pollutant)
Non-renewable sources of energy (limited) FOSSIL FUELS (pollutant)
URANIUM (NUCLEAR ENERGY) --> radioactivity waste is dangerous!
DemographyDemography is the science that studies these characteristics is called The absolute population of an area is the number of inhabitants in that area The life expectancy is the average number of years that people live. Natural increase is the difference between the number of births and thenumber of deaths. NATURAL INCREASE = BIRTH RATE - DEATH RATE -Positive = increases (births > deaths) - Negative = decreases (deaths > births) ACTUAL INCREASE = NATURAL INCREASE + NUMBER OF INMIGRANTS - NUMBER OF EMIGRANTS Population density shows how populated an area is. POPULATION DENSITY = POPULATION (NUMBER OF PEOPLE) / KM2 In Spain...Higher life expectancy because: Better quaility of life (medical care, hygiene, nutritious food...).. In 1900 it was 35 years. Now it's 81 years. Positive Natural increase because: Although the birth rate hasn’t increased, the death rate has experienced a decrease. In 1900 --> 18 million inhabitants. Today --> 46 million inhabitants Positive Actual increase because: Inmigration Population density of 93 inhabitans per square kilometre. The 78% of the population live in urban areas. The most denisity populated areas are: -Large cities (Madrid, Barcelona...) -Coastal areas (Valencia, Islas Baleares...) Population pyramidTo understand how population is distributed in a country or continent. The graph compares the male and female population in different age groups. In Europe...Europe is a very prosperous, highly populated continent. It has the third largest population in the world, after Asia and Africa. About 730 million people live in Europe. Europe’s population is still growing, mainly due to migratory movements Europe’s population density:t 105 inhabitants per square kilometre. The countries with the highest population density are Belgium, Italy, Germany, the UK and the Netherlands. Among the less populated countries in Europe are Norway, Sweden and Finland. About 75% of the European population lives in urban areas. The biggest cities are Moscow, Paris, London, Madrid, Berlin, Rome and Athens. The birth rate is low but the death rate is also low. Life expectancy in Europe is now around 80 years. Europe is an ageing continent: the number of people over 65 is almost the same as the number of young people. In the future, there will be more people who need pensions and healthcare and there will be fewer people to pay for them. In the world...There are over 7 billion people in the world and this number is constantly growing. In one year about 130 million babies are born and about 55 million people die. This means that the global population grows by about 75 million a year. MigrationsInternational emigration: inhabitants that leave the country. During the 20th century many spaniards emigrated to America and European countries (Germany, France, UK...). International inmigration: new inhabitants that come to a country. At the end of the 20th century Spain received many inmigrants. Nowadays there are about 5 or 6 million of inmigrants in Spain. Internal migration: movements within a country. During the second half of the 20th century there was a rural exodus: many people from rural areas moved to cities. EFFECTS OF MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS: -Positive effects: 1. Increase of economically active population: many immigrants are of working age. 2. Higher birth rate: immigrants are usually adults and, as such, are able to have children. Societies all over the world have become more multicultural in recent years because of migratory movements. -Negative effects: some people get into a country illegally or by risking their lives. This can lead to an underground economy. For this reason countries sometimes restrict the number of immigrants that are allowed in.
Biosphere: layer of the planet where life exists. All the ecosystems on Earth. Biodiversity: the variety of life. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY: Extinct: when every single member of a species dies and none are left alive. One example are dinosaurs. Endangered species: Those in danger of extinction. One example is the Iberian lynx. SOME CAUSES OF LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY ARE: WHAT CAN WE DO TO PRESERVE THE EARTH'S BIOSPHERE? -Respect the natural balanced of ecosystems -The three R's rule: Reduce, reuse and recycle. -Contribute to the creation of Natural parks and biosphere reserves. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS OF THE SAME SPECIES: -Cooperative relationships: when organisms of the same species survive together. Family groups: stable groups in which the offspring are fed and cared for by the mothers or parents during the firsts years of life. Hierarchical communities: organisms that live in highly organised societies with specialised roles (workers, drones and the queen). Some examples are: ants, termites and bees. Gregarious species: animals that move, migrate or live in groups to protect themselves from predators. They form schools, flocks or herds. -Competitive relationships: when two males of the same species compete for a female. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES: Predation: the relationship between a predator and a prey. Predator: animal that captures, kills and eats an organism of a different species Prey: animal that is captured, killed and eaten by a predator. Commensalism: relationship between two organisms that benefits one of them and doesn't harm of benefit the other. Mutualism: relationship between two organisms that benefits both of them. Parasitism: relationship between two organisms that benefits one of them and harms the other. Parasite: organism that depends on other organism to survive, causing harm. Host: organism the parasite depends on that is harmed.
WHO EATS WHO? Food chain: one linear sequence of who eats whom between organisms of one ecosystem. Food web: the natural interconnection of food chains in an ecosystem. ![]() Constant wars and the cost of maintaining a large empire had many consequences in Spain: DURING THE 17TH CENTURY... -A great economic crisis began because of the cost of the wars. In addition, pirates, often supported by France or England, attacked Spanish ships on their way back to Spain from America. -The population of Spain decreased during the 17th century. Many people died in wars. Famine, caused by poor harvests and plagues, also reduced the population. Many people emigrated to America to find a better life. In the meantime, the population of Moriscos was increasing in Spain, becoming powerful, so the decision was made to expel them from Spain. Many children were separated from their families, as their parents left Spain. - Golden Age: Baroque art ____________ -Social classes The Early Modern Age started in Spain with the discovery of America and finished in the late 18th century. During this time, social structure was hierarchical and very unfair. Social classes were based on status and wealth. It was very difficult to move up from one class to another. Society was divided between the privileged class and the unprivileged class. Privileged class • All power was held by the monarch. • Nobles and clergy were very influential and rich. They didn’t have to pay taxes and owned most of the land. Nobles and bishops lived in castles, in mansions or at the court. Monks and priests led simpler lives. Unprivileged class Most people belonged to the unprivileged class. • The middle class included bankers, merchants, craftspeople, lawyers and doctors. • The lower class was made up of poor people who worked all day for a very low salary. -Three Habsburg kings ruled. These kings allowed ministers (validos) to represent them and to control government administration. -Felipe III (1598 - 1621). Valido: the Duque de Lerma. Economic decline. Prosperous cities such as Segovia, Toledo and Sevilla started to undergo slow economic decline. The Thirty Years’ War started in 1618. -Felipe IV (1621 - 1665). Valido: the Conde-Duque de Olivares. In 1640, Portugal revolted. The Thirty Year’s War ended in 1648. -Carlos II (1665 - 1700). Portugal’s independence from the Spanish Empire in 1668. He couldn’t have any children. The Habsburg dynasty in Spain ended with him. URING THE 18TH CENTURY... The Spanish economy improved and the population increased, with many people moving to towns and cities. War for the Spanish throne: the French Bourbons and the Austrian Habsburgs → the Spanish War of Succession (1701 - 1714). The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht. Spain lost territories in the Netherlands and Italy, Gibraltar and Menorca. The Bourbon dynasty replaced the Habsburgs: -Felipe V (1700-1746) established an absolute monarchy = the monarch has unlimited power. -Carlos III did a lot to modernise Spain: a new sewage system, water system, street lighting and pavements. He created hospitals, museums and botanical gardens; monuments and fountains were built. It supported the development of industry, agriculture and trade. Cities became more hygienic and safer. -Carlos IV Goya was his court painter. The Enlightment A belief in human reason over religion and authority. The possibility of improvement through education and political involvement. Ecosystem = Biotic + Abiotic |
| |
BIOTIC ELEMENTS Organisms *Flora: plants that live in a certain region in a period of time. *Fauna: animals that live in a certain region in a period of time. Others (bacteria, fungi...) Groups of the same species → population that interact with each other → community | ABIOTIC ELEMENTS (non living things)
The place where a plant or animal normally grows or lives is called a habitat. |
FOOD CHAIN
- Producers (do photosynthesis)
- Consumers (herbivores, carnivores and omnivores)
- Decomposers (bacteria and fungi that consume the remains of dead animals)
Natural ecosystems:
-Terrestrial --> Tundra, grasslands, rainforest, forests, desert
-Aquatic --> Freshwater (rivers and streams, lakes and ponds), marine (coral reefs, shore line, open ocean) and wetlands.
Artifical ecosystems:
-Terrestrial (parks, zoos, farmlands...)
-Aquatic (aquariums...)
Urban ecosystems: natural+artifical
NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS: TERRESTRIAL
TUNDRA Tundra is the coldest ecosystem on Earth. Areas near the North Pole. It is also very dry. Flora: are no trees. There are lichens, mosses and some grasses. Fauna: reindeers, caribou, arctic foxes, polar bears and white wolves. TROPICAL RAINFOREST In tropical areas Warm and wet all year long. They are home to over half the plant and animal species on Earth. Flora: evergreen trees, orchids, ferns Fauna: snakes, monkeys, jaguars, insects and many kinds of birds, such as parrots and toucans. | GRASSLANDS Flat areas dominated by grasses.
FORESTS
Fauna: brown bears, deer, foxes and weasels.
Fauna: squirrels, rodents and wild boar.
Fauna: eagles, foxes, lynx, hawks and rodents. |
DESERT Deserts are the driest and hottest places on Earth. Temperatures are very high during the day but very low at night. Flora: cacti, small bushes. Fauna: lizards, snakes, camels and scorpions. | | |
NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS: AQUATIC
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS (salty water)
| | |
FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS | WETLANDS Areas where freshwater covers the soil. Sometimes the ground is covered all year long and, at other times, the water evaporates during the dry season. A rich biodiversity, especially birds |
ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMS
THE URBAN ECOSYSTEM
Urban (natural + artificial elements). They occupy only about 2% of the land surface area of the planet, but they provide a home for half of the world's population. Fauna: cats, dogs, mosquitoes, rats, cockroaches, flies, pigeons, migratory birds such as storks. Flore: wild plants such as grasses.
The Catholic Monarchs Isabel I from the Crown of Castilla and Fernando II from the Crown of Aragón got married in 1469 to unify Iberian Peninsula and give power to the Christian Kingdoms during the Reconquista. In 1492, after the conquest of Granada, the Pope give them the title of Catholic Monarchs. They reinforce the royal authority and imposed the Catholic religion. The Muslims who converted to Catholism were called Moriscos. Jews were expelled. |
Reforms:
-Power was centralised. Control of army, economy and government. No privileges to the nobility and the Church.
-A strong, modern army.
-Territorial expansion and exploration.
-Strong alliances with other European countries were established.
-The Spanish Inquisition: to make people follow the Catholic Church’s rules.
-Power was centralised. Control of army, economy and government. No privileges to the nobility and the Church.
-A strong, modern army.
-Territorial expansion and exploration.
-Strong alliances with other European countries were established.
-The Spanish Inquisition: to make people follow the Catholic Church’s rules.
The Discovery of América
- Christopher Columbus was an Italian navigator and explorer. He wanted to find a new sea route to Asia. Other navigators sailed around the coast of Africa but Columbus decided to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean because he was convinced this was a shorter route.
- The Catholic Monarchs financed his expedition, which led to the discovery of a new continent from a European point of view. Columbus promised to bring back gold, spices, and silks from the Far East, to spread Christianity, and later on to lead an expedition to China.
- On 3 August 1492 the three caravels (the Santa María, the Pinta and the Niña) left Palos de la Frontera, Huelva, and on 12 October 1492 arrived in San Salvador, an island in the Bahamas.
- On his first voyage, Columbus thought he had reached India and for this reason he called the inhabitants Indians. Although he made three more voyages, he died not knowing that the continent was not Asia but America.
Spanish ports, such as Sevilla, grew in importance and the ship-building industry developed as a result of a greater demand for ships. Spain exported goods such as cloth, wool and leather, which meant that craftspeople also became richer. Spain also exported goods such as flour, cereals, oil and wine that could travel the long distance to America. Many farmers changed the way they farmed their land in order to produce these goods for export. Spain imported many products from America, such as new fruit and vegetables, but two of the most important raw materials from America were goldand silver. This made Spain the most powerful country in Europe |
In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan undertook an expedition that lasted for three years. This was the first expedition to sail around the world. He sailed across the Atlantic Ocean until he found a passage to the Pacific Ocean. It is now called the Strait of Magellan.
The Empire of Carlos I Carlos I became king in 1516. He was the first Spanish king of the Habsburg dynasty. He ruled over a great empire, which included Spain and its territories in America. He also inherited the German Empire from his father’s family. For this reason, he was also called Carlos V of Germany. His personal and national motto was Plus Ultra which means ‘Further beyond’. Before Carlos I died, he divided his empire into two kingdoms. He gave his German Empire to his brother, Fernando. His son, Felipe II, inherited his Spanish Empire, which included Spain and the Netherlands. |
The Empire of Felipe II Felipe II became king in 1556. In 1561. Expansion, especially in America. In 1580, Felipe II conquered Portugal, which meant he controlled all of the Iberian Peninsula and also ruled over the Portuguese territories in America, Africa and Asia. The reign of Felipe II was also a period of wars and conflicts: -controlling the new territories in America and internal revolts in Spain -war against the Turks: Battle of Lepanto (1571) Spain became poorer. In 1588, Felipe II tried to invade Britain, but lost his invincible navy instead. |
Problems in the 16th century
-controlling the new territories in America
-internal revolts in Spain
-wars in Europe
-war against the Turks
-controlling the new territories in America
-internal revolts in Spain
-wars in Europe
-war against the Turks
Renaissance in Spain
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that developed in Italy. The artists looked for inspiration in Ancient Greece and Rome.
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that developed in Italy. The artists looked for inspiration in Ancient Greece and Rome.
- El Greco (painter);
- Juan Bautista de Toledo (architect);
- Garcilaso de la Vega, Fray Luis de León (poets);
- Teresa de Ávila, San Juan de la Cruz (mystic poets).
Author
Teacher Belén
Archives
May 2017
April 2017
March 2017
February 2017
January 2017
November 2016
October 2016
September 2016