Biosphere: layer of the planet where life exists. All the ecosystems on Earth. Biodiversity: the variety of life. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY: Extinct: when every single member of a species dies and none are left alive. One example are dinosaurs. Endangered species: Those in danger of extinction. One example is the Iberian lynx. SOME CAUSES OF LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY ARE: WHAT CAN WE DO TO PRESERVE THE EARTH'S BIOSPHERE? -Respect the natural balanced of ecosystems -The three R's rule: Reduce, reuse and recycle. -Contribute to the creation of Natural parks and biosphere reserves. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS OF THE SAME SPECIES: -Cooperative relationships: when organisms of the same species survive together. Family groups: stable groups in which the offspring are fed and cared for by the mothers or parents during the firsts years of life. Hierarchical communities: organisms that live in highly organised societies with specialised roles (workers, drones and the queen). Some examples are: ants, termites and bees. Gregarious species: animals that move, migrate or live in groups to protect themselves from predators. They form schools, flocks or herds. -Competitive relationships: when two males of the same species compete for a female. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES: Predation: the relationship between a predator and a prey. Predator: animal that captures, kills and eats an organism of a different species Prey: animal that is captured, killed and eaten by a predator. Commensalism: relationship between two organisms that benefits one of them and doesn't harm of benefit the other. Mutualism: relationship between two organisms that benefits both of them. Parasitism: relationship between two organisms that benefits one of them and harms the other. Parasite: organism that depends on other organism to survive, causing harm. Host: organism the parasite depends on that is harmed.
WHO EATS WHO? Food chain: one linear sequence of who eats whom between organisms of one ecosystem. Food web: the natural interconnection of food chains in an ecosystem. ![]() Constant wars and the cost of maintaining a large empire had many consequences in Spain: DURING THE 17TH CENTURY... -A great economic crisis began because of the cost of the wars. In addition, pirates, often supported by France or England, attacked Spanish ships on their way back to Spain from America. -The population of Spain decreased during the 17th century. Many people died in wars. Famine, caused by poor harvests and plagues, also reduced the population. Many people emigrated to America to find a better life. In the meantime, the population of Moriscos was increasing in Spain, becoming powerful, so the decision was made to expel them from Spain. Many children were separated from their families, as their parents left Spain. - Golden Age: Baroque art ____________ -Social classes The Early Modern Age started in Spain with the discovery of America and finished in the late 18th century. During this time, social structure was hierarchical and very unfair. Social classes were based on status and wealth. It was very difficult to move up from one class to another. Society was divided between the privileged class and the unprivileged class. Privileged class • All power was held by the monarch. • Nobles and clergy were very influential and rich. They didn’t have to pay taxes and owned most of the land. Nobles and bishops lived in castles, in mansions or at the court. Monks and priests led simpler lives. Unprivileged class Most people belonged to the unprivileged class. • The middle class included bankers, merchants, craftspeople, lawyers and doctors. • The lower class was made up of poor people who worked all day for a very low salary. -Three Habsburg kings ruled. These kings allowed ministers (validos) to represent them and to control government administration. -Felipe III (1598 - 1621). Valido: the Duque de Lerma. Economic decline. Prosperous cities such as Segovia, Toledo and Sevilla started to undergo slow economic decline. The Thirty Years’ War started in 1618. -Felipe IV (1621 - 1665). Valido: the Conde-Duque de Olivares. In 1640, Portugal revolted. The Thirty Year’s War ended in 1648. -Carlos II (1665 - 1700). Portugal’s independence from the Spanish Empire in 1668. He couldn’t have any children. The Habsburg dynasty in Spain ended with him. URING THE 18TH CENTURY... The Spanish economy improved and the population increased, with many people moving to towns and cities. War for the Spanish throne: the French Bourbons and the Austrian Habsburgs → the Spanish War of Succession (1701 - 1714). The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht. Spain lost territories in the Netherlands and Italy, Gibraltar and Menorca. The Bourbon dynasty replaced the Habsburgs: -Felipe V (1700-1746) established an absolute monarchy = the monarch has unlimited power. -Carlos III did a lot to modernise Spain: a new sewage system, water system, street lighting and pavements. He created hospitals, museums and botanical gardens; monuments and fountains were built. It supported the development of industry, agriculture and trade. Cities became more hygienic and safer. -Carlos IV Goya was his court painter. The Enlightment A belief in human reason over religion and authority. The possibility of improvement through education and political involvement. |
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May 2017
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